The notion of the bioeconomy has gained importance in both research and policy debates over the last decade, and is frequently argued to be a key part of the solution to multiple grand challenges. Despite this, there seems to be little consensus concerning what bioeconomy actually implies. Consequently, this chapter seeks to enhance our understanding of what the notion of bioeconomy means by exploring the origins, uptake and contents of the term “bioeconomy” in the academic literature. Firstly, we perform a bibliometric analysis that highlights that the bioeconomy research community is still rather fragmented and distributed across many different fields of science, even if natural and engineering sciences take up the most central role. Secondly, we carry out a literature review that identifies three visions of the bioeconomy. The biotechnology vision emphasises the importance of biotechnology research and application and commercialisation of biotechnology in different sectors of the economy. The bioresource vision focuses on processing and upgrading of biological raw materials, as well as on the establishment of new value chains. Finally, the bioecology vision highlights sustainability and ecological processes that optimise the use of energy and nutrients, promote biodiversity and avoid monocultures and soil degradation.